Character Formation free essay sample

Utilization of Devices in London's To Build A Fire           Jack London utilizes the gadgets of plot, setting, and portrayal in this short story To Build A Fire to pass on his message that people should be social.  London sets a normal, moderately aged lumberjack in an abandoned Yukon trail during a frigid season.  The temperature is seventy-five degrees beneath zero and the lumberjack and his imposing are going towards Henderson Creek, around ten miles away, where the lumberjack's associates are located.  London puts the man in this Yukon condition to represent that in this chilly, remorseless world, we have to figure out how to profit from one another.           Prior to setting out on his excursion, the lumberjack is offered guidance from an old-clock at Sulfur Creek that no man must travel alone in the Klondike after fifty below.  The lumberjack thinks this is somewhat womanish and accepts he can get by himself.  Along his excursion, the man experiences demise as he falls into a spring, where  At a spot where there were no signs, where the delicate, whole snow appeared to publicize robustness underneath, the man broke through.  It was not deep.  He wet himself most of the way up the knees before he struggled out to the firm crust.  Then the man constructs a fire underneath a tree and snow falls over it putting it out.  London makes these characteristic occasions in the plot to demonstrate they are not the reason for the man's demise.           Using portrayal, London can show by virtue of who is alive toward the end how one advantages from being social.  The old-clock at Sulfur Creek is alive on the grounds that he is experienced and insightful enough to profit from others' encounters that it isn't insightful to travel alone in the Yukon. The young men at camp are likewise alive on the grounds that they are together and can profit from each other.  The lumberjack's imposing is alive in light of the fact that it is appropriate for the Yukon condition, while the lumberjack is not.  Unlike the other characters, London has the man kick the bucket toward the finish of the story to show that he kicks the bucket in light of his egotism in his capacity to travel alone. Utilization of Devices in London's To Build A Fire :: London To Build a Fire Essays Utilization of Devices in London's To Build A Fire           Jack London utilizes the gadgets of plot, setting, and portrayal in this short story To Build A Fire to pass on his message that people should be social.  London sets a normal, moderately aged lumberjack in an abandoned Yukon trail during a snowy season.  The temperature is seventy-five degrees underneath zero and the lumberjack and his imposing are going towards Henderson Creek, around ten miles away, where the lumberjack's sidekicks are located.  London puts the man in this Yukon condition to represent that in this chilly, brutal world, we have to figure out how to profit from one another.           Prior to setting out on his excursion, the lumberjack is offered guidance from an old-clock at Sulfur Creek that no man must travel alone in the Klondike after fifty below.  The lumberjack thinks this is fairly womanish and accepts he can get by himself.  Along his excursion, the man experiences demise as he falls into a spring, where  At a spot where there were no signs, where the delicate, whole snow appeared to promote robustness underneath, the man broke through.  It was not deep.  He wet himself most of the way up the knees before he struggled out to the firm crust.  Then the man assembles a fire underneath a tree and snow falls over it putting it out.  London makes these characteristic occasions in the plot to demonstrate they are not the reason for the man's demise.           Using portrayal, London can show by virtue of who is alive toward the end how one advantages from being social.  The old-clock at Sulfur Creek is alive on the grounds that he is experienced and insightful enough to profit from others' encounters that it isn't savvy to travel alone in the Yukon. The young men at camp are additionally alive in light of the fact that they are together and can profit from each other.  The lumberjack's imposing is alive on the grounds that it is appropriate for the Yukon condition, while the lumberjack is not.  Unlike the other characters, London has the man bite the dust toward the finish of the story to show that he bites the dust on account of his egotism in his capacity to travel alone.

A report which describes a business scenario which will benefit from Essay

A report which portrays a business situation which will profit by interest in the web - Essay Example The use of eCommerce encourages a business for assortment of information, investigating client base and nature of industry, electronic reserve move, gracefully chain and stock administration, online exchanges just as deals and showcasing exercises quickly. The framework additionally permits shoppers from any side of the worldwide town to determine benefits emerging out of the items and administrations presented by the organization applying eCommerce in its business. In this paper, use of eCommerce will be fused to a genuine business so as to screen how the business can be profited by expanding usage of web based, web-confronting data innovation framework. With the end goal of examination, a speculative organization â€Å"XL Learning Solutions† has been chosen for assessing how the company’s business measures change through utilization of web, all the more explicitly eCommerce in its business procedure. XL Learning Solutions is a well known instructional exercise and private instructive establishment arranged at Southampton, United Kingdom. The instructional exercise is controlled by a gathering of 5 famous teachers of the city and is notable for its application situated learning draws near. Aside from managing instructive educational plan, it likewise endeavors to improve conduct abilities and character advancement exercises so as to guarantee in general improvement of the understudies. Essential specialized abilities, for example, application MS Office and other important programming are additionally prepared so as to empower the understudies to have a principal thought on PC applications so that the students’ establishment of information can be fortified. The instructional exercise is so well known in the city that its wide gone understudy base has been produced distinctly through referral framework, with no limited time exercises or some other endeavors from the administr ation of the association. Be that as it may, the administration is seeing since long that numerous understudies from different pieces of the nation are aching to take administrations gave by

Help for Parents Wrongly Accused of Child Abuse

Help for Parents Wrongly Accused of Child Abuse Relationships Violence and Abuse Print Help for Parents Wrongly Accused of Child Abuse By Jennifer Wolf twitter linkedin Jennifer Wolf is a PCI Certified Parent Coach and a strong advocate for single moms and dads. Learn about our editorial policy Jennifer Wolf Updated on February 03, 2020 SemiCharmedLife-DLF/Moment/Getty Images More in Relationships Violence and Abuse Spouses & Partners LGBTQ Unfortunately, accusations like child abuse happen  quite often. Particularly in high-conflict  custody battles, tempers can escalate quickly and  both parties are bound to feel the strain. In some situations, one parent  may be tempted to believe that accusing the other parent of child  abuse will increase  his or her own  chances of winning child custody. But its a flawed strategy. It’s true that judges err on the side of caution when it comes to children’s safety. However, judges do not favor limiting parental rights unless its absolutely necessary â€" and theyre well aware that false accusations  are made often. As a result, any and all claims of abuse will be thoroughly investigated by the court. Moreover, if a judge determines that a parent has made a false allegation in an attempt to  influence a child  custody decision, he or she  may order the accusing parent to pay court costs to the other parent â€" and even modify the custody arrangement in favor of the accused. So even though plenty of parents try it, making false allegations in an attempt to win child custody rarely pays off.   Investigating  Child Abuse Allegations In cases of alleged abuse, the judge will thoroughly investigate each claim before awarding  custody or visitation. This  often leads to time-consuming and expensive examinations by medical and mental health experts, which can be especially burdensome for the children.   Family protective services, at the order of the judge, may also  become involved in the investigation. This can become quite intrusive, like child protective services questions people close to you about your behavior and your parenting.   What to Do If Youve Been Falsely Accused of Child Abuse As uncomfortable as it is, you should comply with the investigation and be as cooperative as possible. In addition, if  you have been falsely accused, you should gather relevant evidence to support  your case. This may include statements by your family members, co-workers, friends, or neighbors â€" anyone who can vouch that you are a loving parent and would never harm your children. While it may turn into a game of he said, she said, having the support of others will help the judge see that you are not abusive. In particular, let the people closest to you know what is going on and encourage them  to speak openly and honestly about your parenting abilities when interviewed by child protective services or court personnel. Know that your supporters can also provide  written statements to the court regarding your abilities  as a parent. Simply having people who can state that they never saw you mistreat or threaten your children will help your case.  If no evidence of abuse is discovered, the investigation will be closed and the court will officially determine that either no abuse took place or it cannot be confirmed. If the Courts Deny Visitation or Custody After Investigating While judges do not want ?to take children away from their parents, they err on the side of caution when it comes to any type of domestic  abuse and child custody. The proper course of action will depend on the nature of the allegations and a number of other factors. Typically, a judge may  suspend the accused parent’s right  to visitation and/or  custody pending an investigation. When that investigation fails to uncover  evidence of abuse, the accused parent’s rights will be reinstated.  In addition, if the judge determines that the accusation was unfounded, he or she may order the accusing parent to pay courts costs, including attorney’s fees, to the other parent.   However, any time that youre accused of child  abuse, you should consult with  an attorney experienced in handling similar cases. Particularly if an investigation does not clear your name, youll want to work with a family law  attorney who can help you  gather additional  evidence, build a case for appeal, and  advocate on your behalf â€" so that the truth can be fully revealed  and your parental  rights can be reinstated.

Relationship Between The Church And The State - 1709 Words

The relationship between the Church and the State is a controversial topic that sparks great political discourse. Since the period of the Great Reformation in Europe to the contemporary religious and political establishments, suspicion and dishonesty continue to define the relationship between the Church and political leadership in the society. On one hand, the Church maintains its moral duty: to oppose and stand against any form of excessive use of political power, to cause suffering and create inequality in the society. On the other hand, the State accuses the Church of moral high-headedness and accuses it of using its position and influence in the society to breed disloyalty in the masses towards their political leaders. These scenarios†¦show more content†¦In fact, the priests seem to suggest that it is better to suffer and die quietly than to be caught up in a feud with the King, â€Å"I fear for the Archbishop, I fear for the Church† (Eliot 17). Indeed, the retu rn of Archbishop Thomas Becket signifies the resurrection of political upheaval and enmity between these two sides of leadership, and the priests become apprehensive of Beckets return (Cedars). The play is evident of central themes that reveal the political thinking of T.S. Eliot. The play seamlessly connects the past with the present revealing the religious act of ritual worship and prayer. Further, the play is the story of one man’s struggle through life confronting personal pride and self-will towards spiritual purity. Indeed, Eliot uses a systematic display of three entities to demonstrate the intricacies of the present discourse. Further, these themes are a reflection of Eliot’s political thinking. First, in the first part of the play, Eliot reveals the spiritual struggles and internal forces confronting Thomas Becket and how he overcomes these forces as seen in the Christmas Day sermon (Butcher). Secondly, the murder of the archbishop takes place in the second p art of the play and Eliot shows its meaning and effects on the folks of Canterbury (Butcher). Lastly, the end of the play shows the knights and the audience and the political justifications of Archbishop’s murder or death. Martyrdom is the act of dying forShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between State and Church Essay901 Words   |  4 PagesThus every person has the right to pray in school. When prayer was still allowed in school crime was at a low rate. Basically there was less crime everywhere. We consider the good ole days when basic morals were taught at home. When the difference between right and wrong was enforced. When family and religion was considered the most valuable and precious things to have. Now look at the mess we have created. Children look up to their parents, and when parents dont enforce values at home, they seekRead MoreThe Relationship Between Church And State During The Middle Ages1410 Words   |  6 PagesMiller History 201 Prof. Shannon 11/14/15 Between Church and State During the period in Europe commonly known as The Middle Ages, economic reforms took place, as well as social, political, and religious changes. One common theme throughout The Middle Ages was the relationship between the Church and the State. The Catholic church during this era held a prominent role in society, and it had an abundant amount of power and authority. The Catholic Church exercised its authority in many different stagesRead MoreThe Relationship between Church and State around the World Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesland. People often believe that religion should be kept out of government while others think it may create a more effective one. Places such as the United States, parts of Europe, France, and Turkey have adopted the concept of â€Å"separation of church and state† meaning that they prefer to distance the relationship of religion and the national state. According to churchandstate.org.uk, there has been an issue where people seem to confuse the concept of secularist with atheism. They get the idea that justRead MoreThe Influence Of The Church And The Eastern And Western Factions Of Rome Shaped Modern Day Europe Essay1742 Words   |  7 PagesIn Medieval Europe, the church played a critical role in shaping government and society. Most of the contemporary leaders were drawn from the church and contributed in championing the ideals of the church, leading to the papacy (Cook 33). During the papacy, the Pope of the Catholic Church assumed the position of the world leader, administering over the church flock and the non-Christian subjects. However, before the church rose to this eminent posit, its relationshi p with the government was tumultuousRead MoreThe Conflict Between Church And State Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesHistory has shown us the continued conflicts between Church and State. These conflicts have been documented throughout world history and have mostly been a power struggle between the two. Within the Church itself there have been struggles with cultural differences, a revised Nicene Creed, a struggle for independence, a fight for control. The State has had to deal with hostel take overs, new political parties trying to gain control. We have even seen attempts to wipe religion out, completely removeRead MoreThe Separation Of The State And Church1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe separation of the state and church refers to the distinct distance in the relationship that exists between the national state and the organized church. Although the aspect of separation between the state and the church has worked in a number of nations, the degree of separation varies depending on t he valid legal policies and laws in relationship with the prevalence views on the religious aspect of the society. In most of the nations that practice such separation, there exists distinct rulesRead MoreEssay on The Struggle Between Two Sides: Church and State1383 Words   |  6 PagesThe separation of the state and church refers to the distinct distance in the relationship that exists between the national state and the organized church. Although the aspect of separation between the state and the church has worked in a number of nations, the degree of separation varies depending on the valid legal policies and laws in relationship with the prevalence views on the religious aspect of the society. In most of the nations that practice such separation, there exists distinct rulesRead MoreGay Marriage1711 Words   |  7 Pagesseparation between church and state. But has the concrete wall of separation begun to deteriorate? Or was it ever really there at all? As we continuously batt le over the rights to same sex marriage, the question of church or state surfaces. It is due time that we examine this matter and decide once and for all if the church should have any opinion in the matter when this country is supposed to be based on a separation of the two. Howard Moody, a Baptist minister, addresses the issue of state versusRead MoreThe View Of Church Health988 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION The definition of church health is no longer a function of baptisms, attendance, and the tenure of a pastor. Traditionally, the aforementioned items were the topics of discussion at meetings and conventions. To some extent, those matters still pervade the communal noise in a gathering of pastors. However, the decline of baptisms, increases in world population, and a diminishing influence upon culture have captured the attention of leaders across denominational boundaries and force aRead More Separation of Church and State is Necessary for Freedom of Choice855 Words   |  4 PagesSeparation of Church and State is Necessary for Freedom of Choice We in America have the right to be free, so why not listen to the words of Thomas Jefferson and build a â€Å"wall of separation between church and state?†Ã‚   The wall of separation was Jefferson’s interpretation of the first amendment; however, the idea was actually founder of Rhode Island Roger Williams’.   Jefferson’s belief was that religion was a personal relationship strictly between a man and his God and the government should not

The History Of Soccer - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 568 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Soccer Essay Did you like this example? Do different surfaces affect the way a soccer ball bounces? Have you ever wondered if different surfaces affect the way a soccer ball bounces? Three types of turf (or surface) will be used to test the bounciness of a soccer ball. Energy and physics will be examined. Kentucky bluegrass, sand and artificial turf will be used to find out which surface allows the ball to bounce the most. Read more to discover the physics and energy of the soccer ball when dropped on different surfaces. Soccer is played in many places in the world, it has been played for over three thousand years. In Europe and the Americas soccer is one of the most popular sports played. In China, during the second and third centuries people described soccer as, dribbling a leather ball into a small net. In 1815 soccer became popular in Schools and Universities. Soccer is called football in many places around the world. Throughout history, soccer has become one of the most popular sports in the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The History Of Soccer" essay for you Create order Soccer is a game played all around the world. The game is played in to teams of eleven. You use a round ball called soccer ball. The object of the game is to get the soccer ball down the field and kick it in the goal. You can not use your hands. The only person on the field who can use their hands is the goal keeper. This is the player who tries to stop the other team from scoring a goal. The team at the end of the game with the most goals wins. Soccer is a sport that can be played indoors or outside. The game soccer is called football in most places around the world. But the word soccer is believed to have originated in Britain around 200 years ago. The sport became very popular in the U.S. Britain started to part from the term soccer because it had become too American. In the U.S the term soccer just stuck and everyone liked it. As the sport grew, more rules were made. Teams could earn a penalty kick beginning in 1891. Referees began giving out red and yellow cards in 1970 during the World Cup finals. Yellow or red cards are given to a player for serious fouls or unsportsmanlike behavior. A player may receive a yellow card for things like delaying the game, breaking rules or subbing without the referees permission. Red cards come with things like violence, spitting, using nasty language or receiving a second yellow card in a game. Soccer is a world renowned sport. Famous players come from places like Russia, Holland and Brazil. With the acception of the Olympics, the World Cup is one of the biggest sporting events viewed internationally. In 2010, more than three billion people watched at least part of the World Cup. Since 2006, the number of Americans participating in watching the World Cup has increased steadily. Locally, since 2015, Louisville, KY has enjoyed a Division 2 U.S. Soccer team called Louisville City. Just recently, the team made history by winning two conference championships in a row (2017/2018). In summary, soccer is a sport enjoyed by all ages around the world. There are many rules of the game, including penalty calls. Soccer includes famous players from around the globe. Not only can soccer be played at any age, it is a sport that brings communities together to cheer on their favorite teams.

Shaping Special Education Free Essays

Running head: Shaping Special Education From Past to Present: Shaping Special Education Laura Terpstra Grand Canyon University: SPE 523 May 30, 2012 From Past to Present: Shaping Special Education Fundamental Concepts and Philosophies The history of American special education has taken a long, ever-evolving journey to get to the place it is today. Marilyn Friend (2008) discusses how in the early twentieth century students were still not accepted into public schools. Students who had physical or mental disabilities were placed into separate classes, made up entirely of students with disabilities. We will write a custom essay sample on Shaping Special Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the first half of the twentieth century students with a wide range of disabilities were enrolled in special education classes. Over the past century, various court cases have defined how special education has changed. In 1954, the Brown v. Board of Education, gave way to questions about whether or not separating special education students from the general education population was appropriate or not. Some people believed that taking students out of the classroom gave them a label for their disability and therefore was discriminatory towards students, rather than helpful in providing services they needed to make them successful. Friend, 2008, p. 47) Not only did educators become advocators for children’s with disabilities, so did parents. The Mills v. Board of Education (1972) sparked the determination of providing special education services for students. In response to various lawsuits against the Board of Education legislation created mandates to ensure the rights f or students with disabilities. Structure of Special Education Parents continued to push for the rights of children, as well as congress. The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 were laws that provided funding to states to assist them in creating and improving programs and services for children with disabilities. The Education for All Handicapped children Act in 1974 was created to allow full educational opportunities for students with disabilities. In 1986, the federal special education law was changed to include services for infants and young children. (Friend, 2008, p. 49) In 1990, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act was changed to Individual with Disabilities Act (IDEA) and more disabilities were added. The most recent change was in 2004 when provisions were added to help resolve disputes between parents, as well as the requirement for student instruction to be taught using evidence-based practices. Federal law forced educators to change their view of special education students and how to best serve their needs in the school environment. Also in 2004, President Bush and Congress wanted IDEA to align with No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 so that schools would be held accountable for making sure students with disabilities achieve high standards (Friend, 2008, p. 68). Jill Hockenbury (2000) pointed out that special education is a key part of the public education system but that there are still challenges in special education today. Critical changes that are needed in special education include constructing a defensible philosophy of education, providing effective and intensive instruction, and improving the quality of teacher training. These changes are still being worked on today. The needs of children today are demanding that teachers provide effective instruction, that’s meaningful and allows the teacher to reach all levels of development in one classroom. Trends and Issues Quality teacher training is also one of the biggest challenges facing special education and relates directly to a key topic heard a lot about in special education, which is inclusion. Inclusion centers on the belief that students with a disability should be allowed to be a part of the general education classroom. However, inclusion is difficult because of the requirement of the general education teacher. The general education teacher should be able to meet the needs of the students in his or her classroom, which can be difficult depending on the students needs. However, inclusion states that students should be in the classroom full time, receiving instruction the same as non-disabled peers, and there should be no need for pull-out. In some cases, members of a child’s IEP team may not agree on the appropriate environment for a student. With increased opportunities for teachers to have training with research-based methods and strategies, this area should be able to improve in the future. Researchers have stated that inclusion is beneficial to both students with disabilities, and those without disabilities. A study done investigating perceptions of learning of nearly 5,000 kindergarten students through 12th grade revealed that students with disabilities wanted to learn the same material, use the same books, and enjoy the same homework and grading practices as typical peers. (Friend, 2008, as cited in Klinger and Vaughn 1999) Other trends in special education include universal design for learning and differentiation. Universal design for learning (UDL) is the instructional approach that students with disabilities should have access to the curriculum. Along with UDL is the use of differentiated instruction (or differentiation) to explore the concepts of UDL further. Differentiation means that within one environment, students with multiple needs will have their needs met through various ways. UDL and differentiation should be utilized by general education teachers to meet the needs of their special education student. (Friend, 2008, p. 77) These trends are all key concepts in the world of special education. They all impact the way special education teachers should teach to meet the needs of all their students. Pat Beckman (2001) reiterated this fact stating that â€Å"improved student learning requires teachers, schools, and districts to give up unproductive traditions and beliefs, replacing them with validated practices and a full understanding of the intent of the law. † IDEA requires teachers to use â€Å"programs, interventions, strategies, and activities† that are researched based. (Friend, 2008, p. 63) As the needs of students increase, the resources provided need to increase, which is the responsibility of those providing the education. Special education has come very far since placing disabled students in their own separate classroom, but it still has a long way to go. There is much to be said about meeting the needs of special education students and reaching those administrators, parents, and educators who still do not have a full understanding of inclusion. References Beckman, Pat (2001), Access to the general education curriculum for students with disabilities, Council for Exceptional Children, retrieved May 28, 2012 from http://www. cec. sped. org/AM/Template. cfm? Section=HomeTEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay. cfmCONTENTID=5519 Friend, M. 2008). Special education: Contemporary perspectives for school professionals. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon. Hockenbury, J. C. , Kauffman, J. M. , Hallahan, D. P. (2000). What is right about special education. Exceptionality, 8(1), 3-11. Obiakor, F. E. (2011). Maximizing access, equity, and inclusion in general and special education. Journal Of The International Association Of Special Education, 12(1), 10-16. U. S. Department of Education (2007) â€Å"Thirty Years of Progress in Educating Children With Disabilities Through IDEA†, retrieved May 28, 2012 from http://www2. ed. gov/policy/speced/leg/idea/history30. html How to cite Shaping Special Education, Papers

Sam Houston State University, Huntsville CJ 478W-Introduction To Metho

Sam Houston State University, Huntsville CJ 478W-Introduction To Methods Of Research The Effects of Race on Sentencing in Capital Punishment Cases Throughout history, minorities have been ill-represented in the criminal justice system, particularly in cases where the possible outcome is death. In early America, blacks were lynched for the slightest violation of informal laws and many of these killings occured without any type of due process. As the judicial system has matured, minorities have found better representation but it is not completely unbiased. In the past twenty years strict controls have been implemented but the system still has symptoms of racial bias. This racial bias was first recognized by the Supreme Court in Fruman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972). The Supreme Court Justices decide that the death penalty was being handed out unfairly and according to Gest (1996) the Supreme Court felt the death penalty was being imposed ?freakishly' and ?wantonly? and ?most often on blacks.? Several years later in Gregg v. Georgia, 428 U.S. 153 (1976), the Supreme Court decided, with efficient controls, the death penalty could be used constitutionally. Yet, even with these various controls, the system does not effectively eliminate racial bias. Since Gregg v. Georgia the total population of all 36 death rows has grown as has the number of judicial controls used by each state. Of the 3,122 people on death row 41% are black while 48% are white (Gest, 1996, 41). This figure may be acceptable at first glance but one must take into account the fact that only 12% of the U.S. population is black (Smolowe, 1991, 68). Carolyn Snurkowski of the Florida attorney generals office believes that the disproportionate number of blacks on death row can be explained by the fact that, ?Many black murders result from barroom brawls that wouldn't call for the death penalty, but many white murders occur on top of another offense, such as robbery? (As cited in Gest, 1986, 25). This m ay be true but the Washington Legal Foundation offers their own explanation by arguing that ?blacks are arrested for murder at a higher rate than are whites. When arrest totals are factored in , ?the probability of a white murderer ending up on death row is 33 percent greater than in the case of a black murderer? (As cited in Gest, 1986, 25). According to Professor Steven Goldstein of Florida State University, ?There are so many discretionary stages: whether the prosecutor decides to seek the death penalty, whether the jury recommends it, whether the judge gives it? (As cited in Smolowe, 1991, 68). It is in these discretionary stages that racial biases can infect the system of dealing out death sentences. Smolowe (1991) shows this infection by giving examples of two cases decided in February of 1991, both in Columbus. The first example is a white defendant named James Robert Caldwell who was convicted of stabbing his 10 year old son repeatedly and raping and killing his 12 year old daughter. The second example is of a black man, Jerry Walker, convicted of killing a 22-year-old white man while robbing a convenience-store. Caldwell's trial lasted three times as long as Walker's and Caldwell received a life sentence while Walker received a death sentence. In these examples, it is believed that not only the race of the victims, but also the value of the victims, biased the sentencing decisions. The 22-year-old man killed by Walker was the son of a Army commander at Fort Benning while Caldwell's victims were not influential in the community. In examples such as these, it becomes evident that racial bias, in any or all of the discretionary stages, becomes racial injustice in the end. Smolowe (1991) also makes the point that Columbus is not alone: ?A 1990 report prepared by the government's General Accounting Office found ?a pattern of evidence indicating racial disparities in the charging, sentencing and imposition of the death penalty.? In an article by Seligman (1 994), Professor Joseph Katz of Georgia State ?and other scholars have made a separate point about bias claims based on the ?devalued lives' of murder victims.? Seligman also asserts that those claiming bias believe that it is in the race of the victim and